Control of agricultural pests by natural enemies will be assessed according to the pre-selected cropping systems and pests at plot level. Existing standardised procedures and published protocols will be used and adapted if necessary.

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In Crops
Proposed methods include cages to exclude predation and parasitism of specific key pests in crops.

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In Semi-Natural Habitats (SNH)
In semi-natural habitats, assessment of natural enemies’ service provision will be performed with known and standardized methods adapted to the natural enemies under investigation, for example using exclusion cages and direct manipulation in enclosures.

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These measurements will be complemented by sentinel systems that will be implemented in semi-natural habitats and cropping systems, and in all case studies, to assess the general pest control service provided at landscape scale.